Knowledge Does Not Separate Poeple

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2010-11-27T20:33:00.000-08:00

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Book e Book Website

2009-09-03T05:11:00.000-07:00

Several days ago, I am searching on the internet about e-Books because I need some e-books in free.

And finally I fine the source e-Book is "Book e Book".

At the first time I see his website is not special with old style design website. After I am digging their website, I think I am make wrong suggestion about their website.

I get what I need! not only free e-books but also with many source of e-books, and other sources on Books.

Here, I present containt detail of Book e Book as follows:

1. Book Sale & For Free, including the other source.
2. e-Book Sale & For Free, including the other source.
3. Article Free & 101 Article, including the other source.
4. Essay and some News.

If we look on their visitor count, this website is a new website. And based on that I think this website will be more interested in the next future with their product services in Book and e-Book, I hope!, so I am not make wastes time for searching in internet for get the new e-books and book.

If you need to visit their website, please visit http://www.bookebook.uk.tp or click link "Book e Book"

Hope can help you find the fine e-books and books product.

My Reflections

2009-04-28T18:07:00.000-07:00

Article 170209

My Reflections

By Aditya Prabhaswara

Many times I think about some thing….

Many times too I be fall in disappointed ambience…

But….

In the same time… I get some reflections…

Which used to me…. Only for reins my self

For be going well to anywhere in the world…

And finally…is very important for my live is…

The ending of my journey in the world…

To be continue in the real journey is going to Heaven…

And here some my reflections if you need to know…

Patient is the earlier of successes

The Patient limit is the earlier of shatter

Human always needed the freedoms without any limits

Because human always forget that…

They live in the small chamber and the little time only

Many people need to be appreciate with highly honors

Until they forget…

To respect and appreciated their self

The ambition to dominate another people is the character of people which can not control their self

Permitted any wrong ways for their purpose is the sign of lazy people with the low intellectual

Treacherous to whom give the trust

Is the same Treacherous to them self

Make a promise but with expressly not keep the promise showing the sensibleness

The Truth Leader always forget their necessity

but always remember necessity of their members

Only rich people known about the other needed and only few rich people remember about that

“Trading is no need honesty” and this is opinion of the trader whose do not know about the art of trading

Wealthy may be give you anything

But not all anything will be give you happiness

Sharing is not easy,

But when you look happily people

because of your sharing,

You will be making sharing more easily

~~~~~~~~~~

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2009-02-13T22:35:00.000-08:00

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Strategies To Help You And Your Child Survive Homework

2008-08-26T17:15:00.000-07:00

Strategies To Help You

And Your Child
Survive Homework

by Linda Bress Silbert, Ph.D.
And Alvin J. Silbert, Ed.D

SPECIAL
NOTE From Adiety: As soon as I will start
again with write articles after several time I cannot present the
article. And to day I present the article from Linda
Bress Silbert, Ph.D. And Alvin J. Silbert, Ed.D on their article subject
is Strategies To
Help You And Your Child Survive Homework. And begin at the end
of August 2008, I will give you some articles from
Amazin.com, in many general subjects including some Humor articles for your nice
smiling.

Is
homework wreaking havoc in your home? If the answer is YES, then finding
the real causes behind the homework problems, and taking steps to
resolve them, will improve both school success and family harmony.

How do we know? Homework is the single biggest issue affecting home
life, according to many of the parents who bring their children to us at
STRONG Learning Centers®.

Here are the ten most common causes of homework problems, along with
suggestions to help you resolve them.

1. THE HOMEWORK IS TOO DIFFICULT.

If the homework is continuously too difficult, with everything that
entails, then a child will try to avoid it. Look into the cause. Begin
by having a conversation with the teacher. If the problem is class-wide,
hopefully the teacher will evaluate and adjust the nature of his or her
homework assignments. If the problem is limited to your child, she may
require additional help from the teacher after school, from you, from a
sibling, from a teenager you hire, or from a tutor. If this fails to
resolve the issue, then a reevaluation of the type of class, or course
level, or teaching vs. learning style, or school may be in order.

On the other hand, the cause of the problem may be a disability:
physical, learning and/or attentional. Your child may have difficulty in
such areas as: hearing, seeing, reading, processing language, or
writing, or she may have ADD or ADHD. If the problem is one of these,
sometimes it is easy to resolve. For example, corrective glasses can
easily resolve some seeing issues and behavioral therapy and/or possibly
medication might help AD/HD, the newer term for the disorder. In many
cases, consulting teachers, counselors, or specialists in the
appropriate field, might be in order.

Note: If you suspect AD/HD, a valuable resource is CHADD
(Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
organization). For information on the learning disability (LD) issue in
general, contact the Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA).

2. THE HOMEWORK IS TOO CONFUSING.

When children chronically complain that assignments or directions are
confusing, they are likely to become frustrated and/or anxious,
eventually avoiding such assignments. Parents usually respond to these
children by asking, "Weren't you listening?" Or "Just
read the directions!" The children were listening or reading, but
they may not have been able to process the information.

In this case, the cause may be reading comprehension and/or language
processing problems. You may need to seek the help of teachers or a
learning specialist to help your child learn strategies she can use to
overcome or compensate for her disability. For example, she may need to
put the words into pictures or graphic organizers. Children who become
confused due to problems with language processing, do better when they
can see things visually.

And, regardless of who is working with them, be sure they remain
actively involved. Children (and adults too) are notorious for shaking
their heads "yes" when asked "Do you understand?"
even when they don't understand. Sometimes they are just yessing you and
sometimes they think they understand. However, when you ask them to
explain or discuss what you were just talking about, they realize that
they really don’t understand.

If neither of these areas are the cause of the problem, then you may
need to investigate why your child continues to complain. If it turns
out it is simply a ploy to get you to do the work with him, then you
need to address the reason for that behavior. But wait – before you
get annoyed, remember what it was like for you when you were a child.
Homework isn't always fun, and sometimes it's nice to have a little
company. Your child may simply want your company during homework time.
Wow! How's that for the ultimate compliment?

3. THE HOMEWORK IS TOO LOW-QUALITY OR TOO
BORING.

Sometimes homework assignments are low-quality boring busywork and
children will avoid them simply because they don't want to do them.
Unfortunately, one of life's little lessons that children need to learn
is that sometimes we simply have to do boring things. If, however, every
assignment appears to be dull, too easy, or too low-quality, you may
need to talk to your child's teacher to determine the purpose of the
assignments. Many teachers do not realize how some of the assignments
are coming across to the children; chances are they will appreciate the
feedback and adjust the work as appropriate.

4. THE CHILD IS DISORGANIZED.

He brings home the book and forgets the assignment. He brings home the
assignment and forgets the book. Or he forgets the assignment and the
book. Does this sound familiar? If so, it sounds like you've got
yourself a disorganized child. The same is true for children who can’t
judge time or can't manage their time. They may have the best intentions
to get the homework done, but somehow it gets lost in their time-maze.

It is so difficult for disorganized children to get their homework done
that some of them would rather lie, insisting that there is no homework,
than be criticized and punished. If poor organizational skills seems to
be the issue, there are many books and articles that offer great
strategies to help the disorganized child. See, for example, pp 123-127
in Why Bad Grades Happen to Good Kids.

5. THE HOMEWORK IS TOO INTRUSIVE.

It's a fact; homework cuts into playtime. So what's the problem? The
problem is that in some cases homework time creeps up to the point of
consuming the home lives of the children and sometimes that of the
family as well. Besides the obvious down side, this may be harmful to
children's intellectual development. Their brains are developing and
they need to use all parts, and good quality play provides opportunities
to use the "far corners" of the brain that might otherwise
remain fallow. So, it turns out that children need to play.
Surprisingly, brain research indicates that occasional boredom is good,
too, as it forces children to think of things to do — that is, to use
their brains to create.

So if homework time seems to have taken over your home, work out a
schedule with your child so that he doesn't have to lie in order to
play.

6. TOO MUCH PARENT INVOLVEMENT.

Some parents are overly involved in their child's homework. Here are the
three most common types, all of whom tend to drive their children toward
lying and deception. If any of these describe you, then work to change
your behavior.

A. The "perfectionist parents." Perfectionists demand
picture-perfect-homework. Their children hate to let them see their
homework papers out of fear that they will judge the work unworthy, tear
it up, and make them do it again. Besides being tedious and time
demanding, in these extreme cases it is downright disrespectful of the
child.

B. The "helicopter parents." These parents hover over their
children, making sure that every "t" is crossed and every
"i" is dotted. They think they're being helpful, but here's
the problem: By not giving their children any breathing room, they are
delivering the tacit message that their children are not capable of
doing the work themselves. Not only does this harm their self-esteem,
but it also denies them the opportunity of taking responsibility for
their own work.

C. The "Pandora parents." The children of Pandora parents tend
to deny the existence of any homework they don't understand because
asking Mom or Dad even the simplest question is tantamount to opening
Pandora's box. Their well-meaning parents can't contain their enthusiasm
and turn what would ordinary require a short answer into a long-winded
treatise on some esoteric detail.

7. THE CHILD IS UNMOTIVATED.

Most children don't want to do homework. But while they may put up quite
a fuss, somehow they manage to get the work done. If they don't,
motivation may not be the problem; they may appear unmotivated, but this
may be a convincing protective screen they've set up to mask a larger
issue.

For example, many children appear unmotivated when in fact they avoid
homework to protect their egos. How's that? Because these children
erroneously equate failure with stupidity. Their logic is as follows: If
they try and fail, it is a reflection of their intelligence. If they
don't try and fail, it is not a reflection of their intelligence; it is
due to lack of motivation or irresponsibility. These labels they can
live with; the label "stupid," they can't!

8. TOO MUCH HOMEWORK.

Many kids simply cannot keep up with the projects, tests, quizzes,
reading and other assignments they are given.

Here is a general guide for the typical amount of time children should
be expected to spend on homework each school day. Grades K-2, about
10-20 minutes. Grades 3-6, about 30-60 minutes. Grades 7-12 will vary
considerably, depending on subjects, projects due, tests, etc., but a
reasonable average is about two hours, with more on weekends, as needed,
for major projects and exams.

If your child spends considerably more than this on homework, look into
the cause. Begin by having a conversation with the teacher. If the
problem is class-wide, hopefully the teacher will make adjustments. If
the problem is limited to your child because your child works slowly, or
has other issues discussed in this section, talk to his teacher and see
what can be done to modify his assignments.

9. IT'S TOO NOISY.

Many kids complain that they can't concentrate at home. Their siblings
are running around, TVs and music systems are blaring, someone's on the
phone, people are fighting, the dog is barking, the baby is crying. I
don't know about you, but I need quiet to do work that requires
thinking. Closed bedroom doors don't help much, as the muffled sounds of
chaos always manage to get through.

Here is an idealistic solution. Even if it can't be carried out fully,
at least it is something to aim for. As a family, consider designating a
block of time as quiet time. Normal living continues, but more quietly
than usual. Kids can use the time to do homework; parents can read,
balance the checkbook, and write e-mails; those who have time to watch
television can do so with headphones or the sound turned low. Sometimes
quiet sounds pretty good, doesn't it?

10. THE CHILD IS TOO ALONE.

Some children are lonely when required to do homework in their rooms,
and don't work efficiently in that setting. Some need continuous support
and direction. That is, they need someone to help them stay on task or
to provide a little assistance when they get stuck. If required to work
alone in their rooms, these are the kids who emerge three hours later
with little or nothing accomplished. Both groups of children tend to
prefer doing homework on the kitchen table. This way they have people
around them, either for support or company.

So, if homework causes chaos in your home, look into the reasons. Once
you find them, and do what you need to resolve the problems, you'll be
back on the road to school success and family harmony.

(Originally published at the Strong Learning website and reprinted with
permission of the authors, Linda Bress Silbert, Ph.D. and Alvin J.
Silbert, Ed.D.)

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THE BOROBUDUR TEMPLE

2008-06-17T07:31:00.000-07:00

Article 160608 / By Adiety

One of The Seven of Word Wonder

THE BOROBUDUR TEMPLE

In Borobudur Village, Borobudur Subdistrict, Magelang Distict, Central Java Province, Indonesia, between many mountain and two rivers, place in Kedu plate, One of The Seven of Word Wonder is The Borobudur Temple standing with beautiful and glorious as the greatest Buddha Temple in the world.

Borobudur temple is Buddha Temple build in around year of 800 and in precisely based epigraphy of Kayumwungan by someone name is Hudaya Kandahjaya that said: “The Borobudur is religious place which have finished in 26 May 824 after building almost in 100 years”.

The Borobudur build in period of The Ancient Mataram Kingdom and The King from Syailendra Dynasty name is Raja Samaratungga, which professes Buddha Mahayana religion, Borobudur building by Gunadharma as a structure specialist.

The meaning name of Borobudur is from two words are Bara and Budur, Bara in Sanskrit language mean is Vihara (complex of temple, bihara or dormitory) and Budur in Bali language is Beduhur meaning is above. And the resume name meaning of Borobudur is “Temples on the above of hill”.

Borobudur Temple finding in 1814 by effort of Governor General United Kingdom is Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. But development and repair the Borobudur Temple by Netherlands Kingdom. Executed by Van Erp development and repaired begin in 1905 and finished in 1911.

The shape of The Borobudur temple is:

Wide/length: 123 meters
Height: 34,5 meters
Area around: 492 meters
Total rock used: 55.000 meters cubic
With Pyramid shape and have 10 (ten)floors

Amount of the Statue of Buddha in Borobudur Temple are 504 units, and all statue of Buddha like same but if we look in detailed especially on hand position and called is Mudra, each statue is different and in The Borobudur Temple have 5 (five) type of Mudra.

The Borobudur has 3 (three) levels and from lower to the top are Khamadatu, Rupadhatu, and the top is Arupadhatu. In Arupadhatu level have 3 (three) terraces which content of Stupa (dome enclosing an effigy of Buddha), and in 1^st Terrace has 32 units stupa, 2^nd Terrace has 24 units stupa and 3^rd Terrace has 16 units stupa, with total is 72 units stupa. And inner each stupa has one the statue of Buddha.

In the top and the central of the Borobudur Temple have a Big Central Stupa constitute crown of the Borobudur Temple, with diameter 9.9 meter and height is 7 meter.

Each wall in The Borobudur temple has relief and beauty carved object, and many statues and more highly size the statue is smaller.

All kindly of the Borobudur Temple make Borobudur is beautiful, if you come to Central Java, Indonesia, please come to The Borobudur Temple you will get the greatest monument by Gunadharma which give us a picture of The Greatest Culture in year of 800.

Is The Decision Making as a Management Barrier?

2008-06-07T09:14:00.000-07:00

Article 060608/By Adiety

IS THE DECISION MAKING AS A MANAGEMENT BARRIER?

In the previous articles I have presented under title “Basic Managing For Small Organization” in Part 1 and 2, in these articles we know about The Function of Management, The Decision Making, and also the connection between both.

And now I will present my opinion about The Decision Making but not on how we make a decision like in the last article.

I want telling about my opinion that the Decision making to be a barrier for management function, why I am talking about this? Because based my experience on how my self to training and managing many time of many organization until my own company, I look and feel that the Decision Making have “very important part” in management, if I make a little wrong especially that wrong is undercover (do not conscious), it can be make one or many deviation in my work or organizing of the organization.

If we look in the Diagram of Management Function and Decision Making in Article 0020508 - Basic Managing for small organization – Part One, I have opinion that Decision Making is Management Barrier, here follows of my some argument:

1. My First Argument

· Who is taking one or more decision? The answer is only one - is a human like us. Based on this we must understand that we as people have many factors that influenced especially by the environment (please see diagram in Article 0020508 - Basic Managing for small organization – Part One).

· Each activity in management always will be using “Decision Making” process.

· Each Decision Making is not only activities for making a decision on the destructive problem, I call as the “Negative” problem, which can make our management may be in dangerous condition, but more wisely if the decision making process can give a decision which building one or more matter especially for prohibit appear another problem and I call as “Positive” problem, because we all understand that “Prohibit the problem more better than solve the problem”.

· And all about on the above very needed for more guarantee running well the function of management with the correctly decision-making and for continuity the organization activity with their function as the organization target.

2. My Second Argument

· Decision making always influenced by environment of the Decision Maker.

· Decision making not only for problem solving but also more important for take care the influence of environment with the fine decision for prohibit the problem which directly or not directly connected with the prime problem.

· I think, only “Proactive” Decision Maker, which can make the best decision, why? Please see again about the Proactive People in my Article 260508 - The Fortune of Proactive Attitude & The Poor of Reactive Attitude.

Based understanding about my arguments on the above, now I will present my opinion about the decision making as a management barrier.

We review again about the Decision Making Technique (see Article 0020508) that for making decision we must making 3 (three) analyzes:

1. Facts Analysis

Reasons Analysis
Problem Solving Analysis with Alternatives Decision

My description about the barriers as follows:

1. The Facts Analysis as “First Barrier”

The Reasons Analysis as “Second Barrier”
Problem Solving Analysis with Alternatives Decision as “Third Barrier”

And I will give you an illustration that all analysis on the above is part of Decision Making as “Cortex” our brain and our “Inner” brain is management functions, furthermore our inner brain as management functions will be directly instruct and drive our organ (i.e.: hand, foot, etc) to move and this is to illustrate that our organ is our organization. See picture below:

Each Barrier is “Connective Link”, means if we wrong take analysis in 1^st Barriers for definite “Prime Fact” we directly wrong for definite the 2^nd Barrier and 3^rd Barrier, also if we right decision for Prime Fact but we wrong to definite the Prime Reason we will make wrong decision for alternative decision, and so on. Because of that we must careful to analysis in the 1^st Barrier until 3^rd Barrier, yes... it is complicated work but it’s become great disaster for us if we do not correctly do.

1^st Barrier

In this barrier we will directly face to face with the Environment both of External and Internal, and make this barrier is not easy for implementation, but we do not afraid with this Barrier because we can pass this barrier with collect any information as data from all environment which related with this barrier or our problems, more data more better for us to take the true decision of the Prime Fact.

2^nd Barrier

Based result from 1^st barrier, we can continue to analysis what the prime reason from the problems, be careful, do not analysis without The Prime Fact. If you feel the Prime Fact which you found is not correctly you should back again to analysis in 1^st Barrier and do not make decision on The Prime Reason without correctly The Prime Fact, it will be make wrong decision on what The Prime Reason and so on you will not solve the problem but make another problems.

3^rd Barrier

Only based the 1^st and 2^nd Barrier, now you can make alternative decision and analyses carefully (with the criteria and the values of criteria) which alternative decision will decide for solve the problem. And before implement what your decision better if you look again the all environment for make sure that your decision still correctly, why? Only one answers because the environment can be change any time!

Furthermore, from my opinion on The Decision Making for barrier of the functional of management, get the conclusion as follows:

We will development well the decision making technique.
Will increase the analysis of management process especially decision making process.
Will avoid a wrong decision with more carefully and understanding what the responsibility the Decision Making of the Management process.
With the right decision we can protect the Function of Management.
Make Environment not as enemy but as “Positive Power” for make better condition base problem, if we take analyses very well.
Place “The Decision Making” as important process in Management.
Able looking all problem in clearly and make the best problem solving, including “The Positive Problem” which also can protect the problem solving and can be positive impact for another process in management.
From all resumes on the above, the last resume is with understanding that The Decision Making as Barrier from Function of Management we can make qualified decision and increased continuity with safety management process.

With this orientation, I can make a correctly decision with one principle that when decision made, the decision must be:

Correction the Problem.
Protected from the same problem in another time.
Take benefit for the other process of management and not for correction the problem only.

I do not know is my opinion was right or not in management knowledge, but with this understanding make me can looking in clearly the problem of management and solving the problem, also make me more handle to manage the organization.

I hope my opinion useful for you.

A Little Story About My Data Team & Me

2008-05-24T04:49:00.000-07:00

Article 240508/By Adiety

A Little Story About My Data Team & Me

In April 2008, I am searching for new freelance work in Internet, and I hope I can find the best source in there.

Actually, I do not know clearly about the Internet especially online business, I use the Internet just for open, sent and receive my email nothing else beside that.

Until I find a website name is My-Data-Team, at first time I have a bad image on this website specially they need me to pay some money first, but after I read their explanation that money back guarantee 100% if I do not like their program, still with a bad image to them I decision buy their product about Home Work.

When I begin as member of the My Data Team, I still confusing with their program, too many work from home program for me! And then I try with their one program is Global Data Entry, I am following their detail step by step instruction and very easy to implement by me because their tutorial is clearly and detail with many tips from them.

I am success with the Global Data Entry but not a big success because is only one buyer whose bought PayDotCom’s products and the product soled is My Data Team product too. Why I only can use PayDotCom because only this Market Place which receive a members from my country.

Until to day I still studied hard about the Tutorial from My Data Team, included how to run their work from home program especially a new program is Traditional Data Entry, in this program I train on how I create the article and with more benefits from there. And now I have made a Blog and manage the blog, well it is new experience for me and this is a the best part from their training because I very like writing and in my country I have wrote a book on finance management too.

From their best program and all program including the many tips, e-books, free software and their support team, I am thinking about one thing on how the My Data Team make a details tutorial like that, but my opinion because they have best experience on the Work from Home program.

For another program from the My Data Team not have sufficient time now for me to learn because I still concentration on Global and Traditional Data Entry.

I tell this to you not for promoting the My Data Team only (as specially with my html address: http://paydotcom.com/r/10031/Adiety/17932217/, this address if you need joint with My Data Team), but more important to me is the knowledge contain in their Tutorial, I think it is the best for me and for another people who never inside in business online yet.

I am not regret to pay some money for member of My Data Team although I am not receive money from my work yet, because first I am still one month running in this business and secondly because I get many-many knowledge on business online in detail, it is very important for me, I appreciate not for My Data Team only but more than I appreciate on the knowledge which present by My Data Team.

A funny experience is when I thinking about their money back guarantee 100% policies, I ask to my self how if some people buy their product and after they studied well about all tutorials then they need back their money, based that case is My Data Team loss their income? After one day I am thinking about it, I check my income in PayDotCom and I find it actually happen with me and My Data Team, one buyer buy the My Data Team product twice and all refund to buyer again, it is mean I do not have any income…well it is very funny for me!

But from above experience, I only said to my self: “I do not need to do that” (although certainly I can do that), because I received the best lesson and knowledge from My Data Team in my brain and in my live, also I am respectfully what the My Data Team to do also the knowledge of My Data Team tutorial.

I need look forward my live and not my live to day with one principle on how we appreciate the knowledge and on who person was teach me on that, because of that I am very likely writing the all knowledge in this blog (http://adiety-knowledge.blogspot.com) for any one who needed, although my blog is not perfect yet.

I deliberate write this article as the tenth article for the first time since I practice the lesson of My Data Team and as my thanks expression to them.

The Smart Card

2008-05-23T17:27:00.001-07:00

Article 240508/Review by Adiety

THE SMART CARD

What is a Smart Card?

Simple plastic card, just at the size of a credit card, with a microprocessor and memory embedded inside is a smart card. Beside its tiny little structure it has many uses and wide variety of applications ranging from phone cards to digital identification of the individuals.

These application could be; identity of the customer, library card, e−wallet, keys to various doors, etc... And only one card can be issued to an end−entity for all these applications. Smart cards hold these data within different files, and, as you will read, these data is only visible to its program depending on the operating system of the card. These data files are arranged in a file system much like a Linux directory structure.

MF (Master File), can be seen as the root directory where the headers of elementary files and dedicated files are contained. Dedicated files are like the ordinary directories and elementary files are just data files. The PIN is also stored in an EF but only the card has access permission to this file. The attributes of the files on UNIX environments are changed to access conditions. Many cards have access condition lists which must be fulfilled before accessing the data.

With the file system, access conditions, a microcomputer, RAM, ROM, EEPROM a smart card is just a

computer running its own operating system inside your wallet.

Classification of Smart Cards

Due to the communication with the reader and functionality of smart cards, they are classified differently.

1. Contact vs Contactless

As smart cards have embedded microprocessors, they need energy to function and some mechanism to communicate, receiving and sending the data. Some smart cards have golden plates, contact pads, at one corner of the card. This type of smart cards are called Contact Smart Cards. The plates are used to supply the necessary energy and to communicate via direct electrical contact with the reader. When you insert the card into the reader, the contacts in the reader sit on the plates. According to ISO7816 standards the PIN connections are below:

· I/O : Input or Output for serial data to the integrated circuit inside the card.

· Vpp : Programing voltage input (optional use by the card).

· Gnd : Ground (reference voltage).

· CLK : Clocking or timing signal (optional use by the card).

· RST : Either used itself (reset signal supplied from the interface device) or in combination with an internal reset control circuit (optional use by the card). If internal reset is implemented, the voltage supply on Vcc is mandatory.

· Vcc : Power supply input (optional use by the card).

The readers for contact smart cards are generally a separate device plugged into serial or USB port. There are keyboards, PCs or PDAs which have built−in readers like GSM cell phones. They also have embedded readers for GSM style mini smart cards.

Some smart cards do not have a contact pad on their surface.The connection between the reader and the card is done via radio frequency (RF). But they have small wire loop embedded inside the card. This wire loop is used as an inductor to supply the energy to the card and communicate with the reader. When you insert the card into the readers RF field, an induced current is created in the wire loop and used as an energy source. With the modulation of the RF field, the current in the inductor, the communication takes place.

The readers of smart cards usually connected to the computer via USB or serial port. As the contactless cards are not needed to be inserted into the reader, usually they are only composed of a serial interface for the computer and an antenna to connect to the card. The readers for contactless smart cards may or may not have a slot. The reason is some smart cards can be read upto 1.5 meters away from the reader but some needs to be positioned a few millimeters from the reader to be read accurately.

There is one another type of smart card, combo card. A combo card has a contact pad for the transaction of large data, like PKI credentials, and a wire loop for mutual authentication. Contact smart cards are mainly used in electronic security whereas contactless cards are used in transportation and/or door locks.

2. Memory vs Microprocessor

The most common and least expensive smart cards are memory cards. This type of smart cards, contains EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read−Only Memory), non−volatile memory. Because it is non−volatile when you remove the card from the reader, power is cut off, card stores the data. You can think of EEPROM, inside, just like a normal data storage device which has a file system and managed via a microcontroller (mostly 8 bit). This microcontroller is responsible for accessing the files and accepting the communication. The data can be locked with a PIN (Personal Identification Number), your password. PIN's are normally 3 to 8 digit numbers those are written to a special file on the card. Because this type is not capable of cryptography, memory cards are used in storing telephone credits, transportation tickets or electronic cash.

Microprocessor cards, are more like the computers we use on our desktops. They have RAM, ROM and EEPROM with a 8 or 16 bit microprocessor. In ROM there is an operating system to manage the file system in EEPROM and run desired functions in RAM.

As seen in the diagram above all communication is done over the microprocessor, There is no direct connection between the memory and the contacts. The operating system is responsible for the security of the data in memory because the access conditions are controlled by the OS.

With the addition of a crypto module our smart card can now handle complex mathematical computations regarding to PKI. Because the internal clock rate of microcontrollers are 3 to 5 MHz, there is a need to add a component, accelerator for the cryptographic functions. The crypto−cards are more expensive than

non−crypto smart cards and so do microprocessor card than memory cards.

Depending on your application you should choose right card.

Operating Systems

New trend in smart card operating systems is JavaCard Operating System. JavaCard OS was developed by Sun Microsystems and than promoted to JavaCard Forum. Java Card OS is popular because it gives independence to the programmers over architecture. And Java OS based applications could be used on any vendor of smart card that support JavaCard OS.

Most of the smart cards today use their own OS for underlying communication and functions. But to give true support for the applications smart cards operating systems go beyond the simple functions supplied by ISO7816 standards. As a result porting your application, developed on one vendor, to another vendor of smart card becomes very hard work.Another advantage of JavaCard OS is, it allows the concept of post−issuance application loading. This allows you to upgrade the applications on smart card after delivering the card to the end−user. The importance is, when someone needs a smart card he/she is in need of a specific application to run. But later the demand can change and more applications could be necessary.

Another operating system for smart cards is MULTOS (Multi−application Operating System). As the name suggests MULTOS also supports multi−applications. But MULTOS was specifically designed for high−security needs. And in many countries MULTOS has achieved "ITSec E6 High" in many countries.

And also Microsoft is on the smart card highway with Smart Card for Windows.

In a point of view the above Operating Systems are Card−Side API's to develop cardlets or small programs that run on the card. Also there is Reader−Side API's like OpenCard Framework and GlobalPlatform.

Programming

1. CT−API

This API depends on the card terminal used, but supplies generic functions that allow communication with memory cards and processor cards. This API is a low level interface to the reader. But still used because it complies with the ISO7816 standards and have a simple programming logic resembling assembly. You just send code byes along with the data packets and receive the response.

2. PC/SC

PC/SC Workgroup is responsible for the development of the PC/SC Specifications. Under Windows, MacOS and Linux corresponding APIs could be found. Under Linux, pcsc−lite suit could be downloaded from http://www.linuxnet.com.

3. OpenCard

OpenCard Framework, OCF, is an object−oriented framework for smart card communications. OCF uses Java's inter−operability between environments to deploy architecture and APIs for application developers and service providers.

4. GlobalPlatform

GlobalPlatform was formed in 1999 by organizations those were interested in issuing multiple application smart cards. The major goal of GlobalPlatform is to define the specifications and infrastructure for multi−application smart cards.

5. To Sum Up

As you could understand from above, the standardization period of smart cards is not finished. The demand on smart cards is growing on the basis of end−user and developer. In my opinion, if you are a developer or in a decision making position, you should carefully analyze all the standards as well as the companies manufacturing smart cards. As a developer’s point of view, in the near future I think, Java will evaluate itself as the standard because of portability and cross−platform uses in spite of its slowness and fast evolution.

Applications on Linux

In this section there will be applications that uses smart cards for some reason on Linux environment. If you are a developer of a software and your development environment is Linux please let me know. I will add you in the list.

1. scas

SCAS is a simple program that checks the code inside the card with the code inside the computer. As an example of showing a way of authentication with memory cards scas is very good.

2. smartcard

smartcard is a general smart card utility in Linux which uses CT−API. With smartcard utility you can

read/write data from/into smart cards. As long as your reader can be accessed via CT−API, smartcard can be used to control the reader. Currently smartcard could only be used with memory cards using I2C or 3W protocols. There is also a GTK+/Gnome graphical front end which support all functions of smartcard utility.

3. ssh−smart

ssh−smart is a basic proof−of−concept of ssh identity on smart card, as the author says. ssh−smart uses smartcard utility to communicate with the smart card. Basically, ssh−smart−add tool (perl script) call ssh−keygen to generate RSA public and private keys. Than puts the private key on the memory card. Later the ssh−smart−addagent tool can be used to extract the private key from the card to use with ssh−agent.

4. smarttools−rsa

This is another PAM Module for Unix systems but supports RSA authentication through your private key on the smart card. You must have a Schlumberger Cyberflex Access card or Schlumberger Cryptoflex for Windows Card and a working reader to use this tool.

5. smartsign

This utility is some−complete PKI integration with the smart cards. To use you must establish a working OpenCA and have Schlumberger's "Cyberflex Access 16K" smart cards. During the certification process of OpenCA, private key and public certificate can be stored on the smart card and private key, later, could be used with Netscape to sign outgoing mails and news. Also smartsign supports authentication of local users via a PAM Module through a public key authentication. Smartsign comes with gpkcs11, a PKCS#11 implementation, smastsh, a command line shell that allows browsing smart card contents, sign_sc/verify_sc to sign and verify any file with smart card.

6. CITI Projects

At CITI, Center for Information Technology Integration of Michigan University, there are some new projects. For example, Webcard is a web server running on a Schlumberger Cyberflex Access Java Card. Features a stripped TCP/IP stack that supports HTTP only. The system is designed to have a router which frames IP packets in ISO7816 and a Java Virtual Machine in the card. Detailed technical report can be found at: http://www.citi.umich.edu/projects/smartcard/webcard/citi−tr−99−3.html

The Relation of Smart Cards with PKI

As we already know smart cards are secure place to hold sensitive data, such as money and identity. And if the identity is the subject we should talk about PKI, Public Key Infrastructure, and smart cards.

Think that, you are working in a company with many branch offices and many facilities. In such large companies often employers have access permissions to different physical places. Also you access the servers inside the company for various purposes like sending mail, uploading the web pages and accessing the databases of the company. Just think, one password for each server and one key for each door and some money in your wallet to buy food or drink from the local restaurant.

Actually you could just use a smart card. If you use a microprocessor card and a the cards operating software or Java cardlets permit, you could use only one card for all these. For this scenario to work, the company must establish a local CA, Certificate Authority. Below there is a diagram showing the structure of a PKI simply, as described in RFC 2459.

· end entity: user of PKI certificates and/or end user system that is the subject of a certificate;

· RA: registration authority, i.e., an optional system to which a CA delegates certain management functions; (in some implementations, where you register your self to the system)

· CA: certification authority; (Your public key, can be issue when you register yourself or can be self−issued, is signed and your certificate is issued to you at CA)

· repository: a system or collection of distributed systems that store certificates and CRLs, Certificate Revocation Lists, and serves as a means of distributing these certificates and CRLs to end entities.

Smart Card HOWTO

In fact, this is just a simplified view of the entities PKI. The employer or the end entity just applies to the CA or RA to get a certificate A certificate is just a public key digitally signed with the issuer's, CA, private key. By signed with the CA's private key, all which trust the CA, can also trust the end entity. Your digital ID is ready. Just write your digital ID and private key to your smart card. Or a better way, new smart cards are deployed with embedded functions that generate public and private keys inside the card which means your private key is not exported to anywhere.

New deployed cards are capable of PKI functions which you do not need to export the private key to the application you use. For example when you want to send a signed mail, your mail applications first generates a hash of the document you just wrote and starts the communication with the card. Your application sends the hash value to the card which is than signed with your private key inside the card. By this way your private key is never exported to the public, your computer.

Also, while accessing your remote shell account you could use ssh, secure shell, client. In man page of OpenSSH, an authentication method for ssh protocol 2 is described. Main purpose of the method is true identification of the person trying to access the account and secure connection between the host, if the user is accepted. Theoretically, only you can know your private key. Although your private key is only readable by yourself, this could be a security risk. But if your private key is inside a smart card, this is an increased security. Of course, a smart card can get lost. But at this point another security subject is on the line, your PIN. Generally speaking, smart card's security comes from two things, one you know and one you own.

SSH is not the only application that smart cards can be used. Other applications like, money transactions on the net, identification of yourself to the website you connect can be done with smart cards. The system is more or less the same. Your identification is checked via your private key and secure session is started with your keys. Than application specific part comes which is designed and deployed by the service provider of the application. Some money transactions are just done inside the smart card but some applications just ask the card for your banking account number. There could be more methods.

Electronic locks that can communicate with a smart card can be found on the market. PKI can support, in addition to the mutual authentication between the card and the reader, access accounting in the building. Just mutual authentication can be used or the lock ask to a local server that keeps the user data and checks if the user is permitted to go behind the door. And whether the permission is granted or not the server keeps the tracks of the access trials.

With integration of smart cards into PKI world, many more applications could be built. These application are mostly security specific or to ease the life of the customers.

Reff: Tolga KILIÇLI (http://deepnight.org/smartcard/howto/)

Basic Managing For Small Organization (Part Two)

2008-05-23T17:15:00.000-07:00

Article 240508/by Adiety

BASICS MANAGING FOR SMALL ORGANIZATION

- PART TWO -

(Based my experience how to training High School student on Management)

Last time, I have explained about Basics managing for small organization in Part One, and now I will continue to study basic management, for do that please you see again the last study in part one.

In the last explanation we studied on how the management developments from Input, Process until Output, and we know that become wrapped around The Functional of Management are Planning, Organizing and Actuating. Including the Output in Report of Project.

And now we will discuss about the last part of The Functional Management is “Controlling”, likes Planning, organizing and actuating then controlling is part of Operational Direction and special in Operation Function but controlling is very special Operation function because Controlling have “a hard job” is to control our Input, our Process and our output also the connection and harmony between Input, Process and Output.

Sometime we do not find any deviation on our work in organization, but sometime too we find that our work have deviation, which can be make our work to be failure. And we do not know how it be happen, how we make one or more deviation, and only by one way that we must and must control our movement every time, we will find our movement have a deviation or not.

Deviation can be happen during we inside the process or may be in Input also in output, controlling is an “actor” how to control input – process – output is well working without any deviation and failure.

When we find any deviation in our work or project, we must directly and immediately to “Correction” the deviation until working well on the track again.

Since we find any Deviation until make Correction action, we have move to carefully analysis on deviation but must be immediately too, until we have the Correction action. And from do that we will use another management knowledge is “The Decision Making”.

We will inside to study of Decision Making, for me the Decision Making is important part in management because if we make wrong decision or may be only a little wrong will become the worst condition in our project until we failure to finished well of the project.

“Make wrong decision is worst act than bad action from a thousand devil”, based on the above, we must understand that decision making is very important for our project or very important for (functional) management.

How we get the right decision? Here we begin to learn step by step the technique of Decision Making:

Understanding why we must take one or more decision.

The decision must be made because we get one or more Problem and in last Diagram I the problem is a deviation detected from controlling in the Input – Process – Output part.

And what is problem definition? Problem emerge because any different result between output and process or input target, or different result between process with input also different result in input with the process, etc. In another word Problem is different result with the target needed.

Problem Analysis

The problem must be analyzed about what the reason of problem? We can try to analyze with make the list what you thinking about the reason but in one condition that the list must be based “Fact” not on your suggestion only.

Many facts you will find, but more facts you get is more better than only few facts, why because with more facts we can help to find what the reason of the problem emerge more accurately, in another word more data we can get more better we will take a decision.

From more facts we must screening until we get the prime fact, which more closely with the problem. From the prime fact we will search “The Prime Reason”.

If we get the prime reason from the problem we will inside to Problem Solving action

Problem Solving

In this part we begin to solve the problem with prime reason data and support by prime fact data, we begin make more alternate problem solving and for help you make a decision you can use “Brainstorming” for make more alternative for solve the problem

After you make the alternative for solve the problem, you will make a criteria and from the criteria you will get conclusion what alternates you will take for your decision. But the conclusion will find after you make a standard value for each criteria.

Example table for support your Problem Solving.

From on the above example table, we can see that Alternative 4 is suggestion for Decision, which have a lot of value.

After we get the decision, used the decision for “CORRECTION” of deviation, and the correction is for Input, process or output or may be for all part.

From here we can to see that Decision Making is very nearly with the function of management without Decision Making, I think we cannot do anything for running well the function of management and fore all management.

Someday I will present my opinion about the Decision Making toward the function of management.

I hope the all of BASICS MANAGING FOR SMALL ORGANIZATION useful.

What The Exactly is Entrepreneurship?

2008-05-22T20:04:00.001-07:00

Article 230508 / By Adiety

What The Exactly

is ENTREPRENEURSHIP?

The leader, which has “Entrepreneurial”, they are having much idea and brave to take a risk only for idea.

What the characteristic of entrepreneurial? Follows the details:

Full idea and creative person

Audacious to take risk when they begin to start their idea.

Brave to entrust the self-position when they begin to start their idea.

Courageous to placed their best friend and family if failed.

Never afraid to failure and always have “Optimistic Hope”.

Always said: “What Can I Do?” and never said: “What Should I Do?”

They never stay in “Status Quo” condition especially in monotone condition

Have knowledge and best of forceful attitude, especially when they meet the turbulence condition.

Always get one or more action for changes and development.

Always have the live motivation is How to improve the carrier (and never talk about how get more salary).

Not only satisfied on the best service for their leader, but always said How to “manage” their leader

Always look ahead with their intuition.

Always studied from his or her best or bad experience or another people experience.

Always ready to working for anything work / Job.

Always known when they used their intuition and when used rational thinking.

Personality Known Fron The Color

2008-05-22T08:27:00.000-07:00

Article 220508 / By Adiety

PERSONALITY KNOWN FROM THE COLOR

Personality person is a very mysterious thing, but with the color we can to guess what personality from your self and other people.

The favorite color from each people can explain her or his personality, including your self.

In this section we will look what kind of the personality based their characteristic under resistance or behavior inappropriate to the existing Situation and the rejected or suppressed characteristics, or Anxiety-Laden Characteristics, is present in the following Interpretation table:

COLOR

Characteristic under resistance or

Behavior inappropriate to the existing Situation

GREY

Willing to participate and to allow himself to become involved, but tries to tend off conflict and disturbance in order to reduce tension.

BLUE

Remains emotionally unattached even when involved in a close relationship.

GREEN

The situation is preventing him from establishing himself, but he feels he must make the best of things as they are.

RED

Try to calm down and unwind after a period of over agitation, which has left him listless and devoid of energy.

In need of peace and quiet, becomes irritable if this is denied him.

YELLOW

Clings to his believe that his hopes and ideals are realistic, but needs encouragement and reassurance.

Applies very exacting standards to his choice of a partner and wants guarantees against loss or disappointment.

VIOLET

Egocentric and therefore quick to take offense. Sensitive and sentimental, but conceals this from all except those very close

to him.

BROWN

Able to achieve satisfaction from sexual activity.

BLACK

Feels that things in his way. Those circumstances are focusing him to compromise and for go some pleasures for the time being.

COLOR	Interpretation	Rejected or suppressed characteristics, or Anxiety-Laden Characteristics
GREY	Physiological	Displays impatience and agitation.
GREY	Psychological	Feels that life has far more to offer and that there are still important things to be achieved, that life must be experienced to the full. As a result, he pursues his objectives with a fierce intensity and will not let go of things. Becomes deeply involved and runs the risk of being unable to view things with sufficient objectivity, or calmly enough; is therefore in danger of becoming agitated and exhausting his nervous energy. Cannot leave things alone and feels he can only be at peace when he has finally reached his goal. In brief: Impatient involvement.
BLUE	Physiological	Refuses to relax or give in, Holding exhaustion and depression at bay by keeping active.
BLUE	Psychological	An existing situation or relationship is unsatisfactory, but he feels unable to change it to bring about the sense of belonging, which he needs. Unwilling to expose his vulnerability, he therefore continues to resist this state of affairs, but feels dependent on the attachment. This not only depresses him, but makes him irritable and impatient, producing considerable restlessness and the urge to get away from the situation, either actually or, at least, mentally. Ability to concentrate may suffer. In brief: Restless dissatisfaction.
GREEN	Physiological	Will power, resilience and the ability to stand up to opposition are in danger of being overwhelmed by excessive stress.
GREEN	Psychological	The tenacity and strength of will necessary to contend with exciting difficulties has become weakened. Feels overtaxed, worn out and getting nowhere, but continues to stand his ground. He feels this adverse situation as an actual tangible pressure, which is intolerable to him, and from which he wants to escape, but he feels unable to make the necessary decision. In brief: Reluctance to take the steps necessary to resolve a stress situation.
RED	Physiological	Suppressed and pent-up agitation resulting from the attempt to resist any additional stimulation, leading to irritability, angry outbursts or even sexual neuroses. There is a possibility of cardiac trouble.
RED	Psychological	The situation is regarded as threatening and dangerous. Outraged by thought that he will be unable to achieve his goals and distressed at the feeling of helplessness to remedy this. Over-extended and feels beset, possibility to the point of nervous prostration. In brief: Helplessness
YELLOW	Physiological	Stresses resulting from disappointment have led to agitation.
YELLOW	Psychological	Unfulfilled hopes have led to uncertainty and apprehension. Needs to feel secure and to avoid any further disappointment, and prestige. Doubts that things will be any better in the future and this negative attitude leads him to make exaggerated demands and to refuse to make reasonable compromises. In brief: Agitated pessimism; fearful of losing prestige.
VIOLET	Physiological	Stress due to suppressed sensitivity.
VIOLET	Psychological	Delight in the tasteful, the gracious and the sensitive, but maintains his attitude of critical appraisal and refuses to be swept off his feet unless genuiness and integrity can be absolutely vouched for. Therefore keeps a strict and watchful control on his emotional relationships, as he must know exactly where he stands. Demands complete sincerity as a protection against his own tendency to be too trusting. In Brief: Controlled and analytical responsiveness.
BROWN	Physiological	Stress arising from suppression of physical or sexual desires and insufficient consideration for bodily needs.
BROWN	Psychological	Has an unsatisfied need to ally himself with others whose standards are as high as his own, and to stand out from the common herd. This desire for pre-eminence isolates him and inhibits his readiness to give himself freely. While he wants to surrender and let himself go, he regards this as a weakness, which must be resisted. This self-resistant, he feels, will lift him above the rank and file and ensure recognition as a unique and distinctive personality. In brief: Demand esteem from others.
BLACK	Physiological	Stress arising from intensity (of feeling, endeavor, etc., as shown by the other colors).
BLACK	Psychological	Wishes to be independent, unhampered and free from any limitation or restriction, other than those, which he imposes on himself by this own choice and decision. In brief: Desire to control one’s own destiny.

Based Source: “The LÜSCHER Color Test” by DR.MAX LÜSCHER.

Am I Going Inside To Time Wasters

2008-05-14T02:59:00.000-07:00

Article 050508 / By Adiety

AM I GOING INSIDE TO TIME WASTERS?

Do you know that “Time Likes an Arrow” and time is constantly and irreversible?

If we do understand on that I think we will correction about talking that we still more time for something work.

Come! We can look that are we inside to the Time Wasters?

THE TIME WASTERS:

Indecision
Inefficiency
Unanticipated
Procrastination
Unrealistic Time Estimated
Unnecessary Errors
Management Crisis
Poor Organization
In effectives Meetings
Micro Management
Doing urgent rather than Important task
Poor Planning and Lack of contingency pass
Failure to delegate or delegations of responsibility without authority
Lack of Priorities, Standard, Policies and Procedures

Well, what should we do for shatter that The Time Wasters? We can to look again about The Rules on the below:

Get Started
Get into a routine
Do not say yes to too many things
Do not commit your self to unimportant activities
Divide large task
Do not put unneeded effort in to a project
Deal with it for once and for all
Set start and stop times
Plan your activities

Good luck! We hope that we are not inside in the Time Wasters for our best live.

2008-05-13T02:55:00.000-07:00

Article 0020508/by Adiety

BASIC MANAGING FOR SMALL ORGANIZATION

- PART ONE -

(Based my experience how to training High School student on Management)

I was a trainer for training of basic management in my last High School also some university and college in my town; I began a trainer since still a High School student in 1981.

My experience told that very unique for training in High School, why? One reason is the students in High School still have limits of insight than university student. Some time I thinking very hard on how one or more sub management knowledge should be present accurately until the students understand and following the theory for their implementation in organization.

For example on how I must explain to them the Function of Management and including The Decision Making Technique. Sometime when I training The Decision Making Technique, I ask them about The Function Management which I have told to them before, but I am surprise because they cannot explain exactly about my question, particularly if my question is on what correlation about both the lesson, the student is…so quietly…!

Until someday I have initiate to make one diagram which can explain to student in clearly, the result is very good they understand very well and from other trainer said to me that my explanation bring student can to ride their organization more better.

In this diagram I present two basics management knowledge are Function of Management and The Decision Making, the Diagram may be is not simple but it can be understand if studied in step by step process. The diagram present as follows:

For explanation about on the above Diagram, follow my description:

Function of Management

I give the student more simple “The Function of Management” like “POAC” formulation as Planning – Organizing – Actuating – Controlling only, but I did inform the student that POAC formulation has been more advance with another determinate, and for student I give POAC only for they keep remember on the basic function of management.

In our live also in organization live have a process and the basic process is “Input – Process – Output”. Now I will explain to you step by step as follows:

In the INPUT we can find an action is make a “General Direction” actually is make “Direction Definitely” included what the organization short & long term action and how the quality and quantity of the action, it is a for general action only and not specific action. Specific action will be implementing in the Process. We must know where will be going, and the Direction give us a compass for our organization.

After we make and known very well on the General Action and Direction of organization, we continue go to in side of “The Process” make one action or more action which appropriate with short & long term action included the quality and quantity of the action. In another word is The Process must be follow The Input content.

In the Process we can look that Function of Management working. Planning – Organizing – Actuating and Controlling (POAC) begin to activate.

Planning is first action from function of management and part of “The Special Direction” which has function as “Direction Formulation”, why? Because in the Planning we can make an action or more project in detail with one target is the project must be succeed to implement, so in planning, we must be careful to development of plan. Watch closely in General Action and the detail content also watch at “The Environment” around your organization.

The Environment have two part is Internal Environment (for example: who and how the people in organization, how the financial aspect in organization, Etc.), and the other part is External Environment (for example: weather condition, situation and condition of community, Etc.)

Here some illustration about environment:

Planning it self have 6 (six) activities, this activity call are “5WH”, as follows:

What

When

Where

How

Who

Why

In “WHAT” section, we ask about what the Project needed by you and your organization. You must look the detail of General Direction for make sure that the project will not have deviation than The General Direction!

And then “WHEN” section. After we have made decision on “What”, the next action is ask about when the action will be implementing, in this section we beginning more carefully to decided, for example if internal environment of organization give full support on your plan it is not guarantee that plant will be running well, why? The external environment which not calculated well is possible to make one or more trouble on your implementation of plan.

After we finished with “when” section, we continue to “WHERE” section. In this section we to find and decided the location of event or action. One more again careful you must look the environment and two sections you have decided are What & When section.

What, When and Where Section are completed, we will continue in the next section is “HOW”, in this section you and your organization begin ask about how this project will be implement until succeed. In this section you begin make one or more standard action, rules, the term and condition, polices, etc, as directive on implementation of the project. Without this section we can not bring plan running on the track and can make the project to be failure.

Without any person, the Plan and the project is nothing. Because of that we begin to choice and decided personals “WHO” appropriate with standard you made it in the last section (HOW), certainly on Personal Criteria needed and the detailed Job Descriptions. With this section we hope find personal will be able implement of the Project with fine result.

The last action of Planning is give question to your self and your organization, “WHY” you and your organization plan the project? Please detailed ask begin Why your company choice the project? Until you ask why she or he to be choice for working in this project (asking on Who). Why we must to do? This section used for “feed back control mechanism” that all your section of planning which you made in correctly and not any mistake. It is urgently action for more make sure that your Planning is the best for implementation of the project.

All section of the planning is well done, but it is not completed planning if we do not make THE TIME SCHEDULE. Time schedule is a table which can explain activation and task of the project with limit time (date and time) for each task.

We can used some method for make schedule your project for example is Time Schedule Table (Gantt chart), PERT diagram, etc. But in this article I will used the Time Schedule Table only.

Why we must make the Time Schedule? Because we must explain to anybody especially for all personal which work in the project about when and what action for implement of the project on time. Some time in Time Schedule was included the financial aspect of the project and this act call “The Financial Time Schedule”. Financial Time Schedule for more self explanatory usually presented together with Task Time Schedule because each task will be need financing for running the task. But The Financial Time Schedule used only for internal organization and the project officer, not used for publication.

Here example The Task Time Schedule included The Financial Time Schedule in one Gantt chart.

Based about all on the above, we can image what must to do for formulation of planning. Louis A. Allen has basic activity are:

Forecasting
Establishing Objectives
Programming
Scheduling
Budgeting
Developing Procedure
Establishing & interpreting policy

For finishing all Planning of the project and for the best implementation reason, we will make detail description of The Project for internal organization, Officer Project and public.

And for on the above action, we must make “The Project Proposal”. Some people ask about urgencies of the project proposal for implementation of the project because they do understand about detail of the project.

The project proposal needed for organization especially for the officer project, because with the project proposal we get advantage as follows:

1. We can look one more again in all our planning which made, make sure that planning secure to be implement by officer project.

2. The project proposal is the Compass for organization or officer project for implementation of the project, mean is the project proposal as guidance for them in order to the officer project do not running with any deviation from planning, and make the target of implementation not achieve to success.

3. The project proposal will use for explain to publics about the project in details especially for company or bodies which need sponsored the project, etc. In order above purpose, the organization and officer project must be make in detail and carefully, some mistake in development of Project Proposal make under estimate to your organization and the project. Because of that writer book from Indonesia are Aditya Prabhaswara and Peti Savitri (2002) in their book is “Basic Development of Project Proposal” said that “The Project Proposal is Ambassador from the company or organization….”

Furthermore, what The Structure of Project Proposal, explain as follow:

Cover
Preface
Content
Summary
Organization Profile
Detail Project Aspect
Project Implementation Aspect
Financial Aspect
Appendices

And the Pre requirement of the Project Proposal, explain as follows:

Detail and clearly
Simple
Directed
Systematic
Unities
Coherency
Self explanatory

After all planning until make the project proposal well done by you and your company, we will immediately in site to implementation of the Project on schedule!

Now, we inside to the next action in functional of management is Operation Functional part of Operational Direction, in this Direction we will find 3 (three) function of management are Organizing, Actuating and Controlling. But in this section we will study Organizing and actuating only, the Controlling will be present on the Part II.

We begin with Organizing.

Organizing is how we can to manage the organization until we can reach out for accomplish the project.

For organizing we will ride the vehicle is The Organization for reach out our target.

Organizing is not activity for the leader from officer project only but for all anybody as call officer project to how they can ride the organization without any delay especially fail to reach out the target of project.

In this section will not discuss more far, but is important to know how anybody to understand with other to ride and reins the organization together.

we would to know how we can to ride and reins the organization in very well, for do that we must understand on The Principle of Organization and in this section we follow with principle from F.W. Harris in “The 13^th The Principle of Organization” as follows:

The Principle of Objectives
The Principle of Functional Organization
The Principle of Balance
The Principle of Specialization
The Principle of Continuity
The Principle of Flexibility
The Principle of Simplicity
The Principle of Unity Command
The Principle of Span of Control
The Principle of Supervisory
The Principle of Communication
The Principle of Coordination
The Principle of Effectiveness

NO one Principles on the above we can leave behind us, all Principles must be walking together for organizing of the project, for example no balance if no span of control and no span of control if no supervisory, and no supervisory if no coordination, also no coordination if no communication and no unity command, etc.

In organizing activity we can to make the Structure of organization including the personal needed for running of the project.

Because of that the leader of officer project very important to make the best condition in organization, and always watch the Principle of organization, until all target of the project to be achieve.

In the final study of organizing we begin talk about the leader of the officer project, we can look that the leader begin lead the project. In this section too we will talk about the leader in how she or he lead the officer project, it is mean we will talk about the Actuating.

Actuating as part of Function of Management will give us description on how the leader should lead the officer project team, on the below we begin to know about actuating for the leader:

Actuating is on how the leader begin to leading the team with ordered to them, and running well on their project, until accomplish all task.

The order is part of the principle of Communication (remember on the principle of organization) and the leader must understand in clearly about that and conscious that the officer project is human too like him self. Based on the above the leader will consider that the orders are:

Given in clearly
Given step by step
Given the positively order
Given to the right man
Given with the motivation action
Given with remember in one thing that the order is part of communication.

Based the diagram on the above, Actuating is final action from the functional of management especially in direct Process although one functional of management still working is controlling.

After we finished the all "Process" it is mean the project finished we will continue to make a Report of the Project. Actually we have 2 type reports are "Status Report" and "Final Report".

What is different between "Status Report" and "Final Report"? We will look in table below:

From table above we get a resume that Report is very important for evaluation of the project and not for judgment the leader of project and their officer project.

And for evaluation needed the one Functional of Management is Controlling, and One part from Function of Management is Controlling will be discusses in the part II because have correlation directly with Decision making and the other function of management (planning, organizing and actuating).

And the controlling will be having the best function to evaluate between Input, process and output.

After we understand about all about basic management in part 1, someday we will continue with the Part 2.

Computer Knowledge

2008-05-05T16:34:00.000-07:00

The Battle of the Browsers – The History and the Future of Internet Browsers
by: Nicholas C Smith

With Internet Explorer 8 now available, can Microsoft hope to retain market dominance over fierce open source rivals such as Mozilla's Firefox or the feature packed Opera web browser. Can history give us a clue to what the future of web browsers/browsing might hold? How did Netscape Navigator go from having a dominant 89.36% market share of all web browsers in 1996 and yet only 3.76% by mid 1999?

Let us take a journey that will begin long before even the intellectual conception of Internet Explorer, that will glance at its long defeated rivals, examine the current browsers available and will end with a prediction of what the future of browsing will offer us – and which browser(s) will still be around to offer it.

People often think that Internet Explorer has been the dominant web browser since the golden age of the internet began. Well for a very long time now it has indeed been the most popular browser and at times been almost totally unrivalled. This was mainly a result of it being packaged free with Microsoft Windows, in what some would later call a brutal monopolisation attempt by Microsoft. The last few years however have heralded the arrival of new, possibly superior browsers. Mozilla's Firefox has been particularly successful at chipping away at Explorers market dominance. So where did it all begin, and why were Microsoft ever allowed to have a hundred percent market dominance?

Origins

The truth is they never did have total dominance, but at times they have come very close. Microsoft actually entered the Browser Battle quite late on. Infact a man named Neil Larson is credited to be one of the originators of internet browsers, when in 1977 he created a program – The TRS-80 - that allowed browsing between “sites” via hypertext jumps. This was a DOS program and the basis of much to come. Slowly other browsers powered by DOS and inspired by the TRS 80 were developed. Unfortunately they were often constricted by the limitations of the still fairly young internet itself.

In 1988, Peter Scott and Earle Fogel created a simple, fast browser called Hytelnet, which by 1990 offered users instant logon and access to the online catalogues of over five thousand libraries around the world – an exhilarating taste of what the internet, and web browsers, would soon be able to offer.

In 1989 the original World Wide Web was born. Using a NeXTcube computer, Tim Berners-Lee created a web browser that would change how people used the internet forever. He called his browser the WorldWideWeb(http://www., which is still likely to sound familiar to internet users today. It was a windowed browser capable of displaying simple style sheet, capable of editing sites and able to download and open any file type supported by the NeXTcube.

In 1993 the first popular graphical browser was released. Its name was Mosaic and it was created by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina. Mosaic could be run on both Unix, and very importantly, on the highly popular Microsoft Windows operating system (incidentally it could also be used on Amiga and Apple computers). It was the first browser on Windows that could display graphics/pictures on a page where there was also textual content. It is often cited as being responsible for triggering the internet boom due to it making the internet bearable for the masses. (It should be noted that the web browser Cello was the first browser to be used on Windows – but it was non graphical and made very little impact compared to Mosaic).

The Browser Wars - Netscape Navigator versus Internet Explorer

Mosaic's decline began almost as soon as Netscape Navigator was released (1994). Netscape Navigator was a browser created by Marc Andreessen, one of the men behind Mosaic and co-founder of Netscape Communications Corporation. Netscape was unrivalled in terms of features and usability at the time. For example, one major change from previous browsers was that it allowed surfers to see parts of a website before the whole site was downloaded. This meant that people did not have to wait for minutes simply to see if the site they were loading was the actual one the were after, whilst also allowing them to read information on the site as the rest of it downloaded. By 1996 Netscape had almost 90% market dominance, as shown below.

Market Share Comparisons of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer from 1996 to 1998

....................Netscape.......IE
October 1998..........64%.........32.2%
April 1998............70%.........22.7%
October 1997..........59.67%......15.13%
April 1997............81.13%......12.13%
October 1996..........80.45%......12.18%
April 1996............89.36%.......3.76%

In these two years Netscape clearly dominated the internet browser market, but a new browser named Internet Explorer was quickly gaining ground on it.

Microsoft released their own browser (ironically based on the earlier Mosaic browser which was created by one of the men now running Netscape), clearly worried about Netscape's dominance. It was not so much the worry that it would have a 100% market share of internet browsers on their Windows operating system, but more the worry that browsers would soon be capable of running all types programs on them. That would mean foregoing the need for an actual operating system, or at the most only a very basic one would be needed. This in turn would mean Netscape would soon be able to dictate terms to Microsoft, and Microsoft were not going to let that happen easily. Thus in August 1995, Internet Explorer was released.

By 1999 Internet explorer had captured an 89.03% market share, whilst Netscape was down to 10.47%. How could Internet Explorer make this much ground in just two years? Well this was down to two things really. The first, and by far the most important was that Microsoft bundled Internet Explorer in with every new copy of Windows, and as Windows was used by about 90% of the computer using population it clearly gave them a huge advantage. Internet Explorer had one other ace it held over Netscape – it was much better. Netscape Navigator was stagnant and had been for some time. The only new features it ever seemed to introduce were often perceived by the public as beneficial for Netscape's parent company rather than Netscape's user base. (i.e., features that would help it monopolise the market). Explorer, on the other hand, was given much attention by Microsoft. Regular updates and excellent usability plus a hundred million dollar investment would prove too much for Netscape Explorer.

2000 – 2005

These years were fairly quiet in the Battle of the Browsers. It seemed as if Internet Explorer had won the war and that nobody could even hope to compete with it. In 2002/2003 it had attained about 95% of the market share – about the time of IE 5/6. With over 1000 people working on it and millions of dollars being poured in, few people had the resources to compete. Then again, who wanted to compete? It was clearly a volatile market, and besides that everybody was content with Internet Explorer. Or were they? Some people saw faults with IE – security issues, incompatibility issues or simply bad programming. Not only that, it was being shoved down peoples throats. There was almost no competition to keep it in line or to turn to as an alternative. Something had to change. The only people with the ability and the power to compete with Microsoft took matters into their own hands.

Netscape was now supported by AOL. A few years prior, just after they had lost the Browser Wars to Microsoft, they had released the coding for Netscape into the public domain. This meant anybody could develop their own browser using the Netscape skeleton. And people did. Epiphany, Galeon and Camino, amongst others, were born out of Netscape's ashes. However the two most popular newcomers were called Mozilla and Firefox.

Mozilla was originally an open sourced project aimed to improve the Netscape browser. Eventually it was released as Netscape Navigator 7 and then 8. Later it was released as Mozilla 1.0.

Mozilla was almost an early version on another open source browser, Firefox. With it being an open source the public were able to contribute to it - adding in what features it needed, the programming it required and the support it deserved. The problems people saw in Internet Explorer were being fixed by members of the open sourced browser community via Firefox. For instance, the many security issues IE 6 had were almost entirely fixed in the very first release of Firefox. Microsoft had another fight on their hands.

2005 – Present

Firefox was the browser that grew and grew in these years. Every year capturing an even larger market share percentage than before. More user friendly than most of its rivals along with high security levels and arguably more intelligent programming helped its popularity. With such a large programming community behind it, updates have always been regular and add on programs/features are often released. It prides itself on being the peoples browser. It currently has a 28.38% market share.

Apple computers have had their own browser since the mid 1990's – Safari - complete with its own problems, such as (until recently) the inability to run Java scripts. However most Apple users seemed happy with it and a version capable of running on Windows has been released. It has had no major competitor on Apple Macs, and as such has largely been out of the Browser Wars. It currently holds a 2.54% market share and is slowly increasing.

Internet Explorer's market share has dropped from over 90% to around 75%, and is falling. It will be interesting to see what Microsoft will attempt to regain such a high market share.

Opera currently holds 1.07%.

Mozilla itself only has a 0.6% market share these days.

The Future of Web Browsing

Web browsers come and go. It is the nature of technology (if such a term can be used), to supplant inferior software in very short periods of time. It is almost impossible for a single company to stay ahead of the competition for long. Microsoft have the advantage of being able to release IE with any Windows using PC. That covers over 90% of the market. They also have the advantage of unprecedented resources. They can compete how they wish for as long as they wish. So there is no counting IE out of the future of web browsing.

Safari is in a similar position, being easily the most popular Mac web browser. Its long term survival is dependant upon Apple and the sale of their computers.

These are the only two browsers that are almost guaranteed another five years of life, at least. Firefox may seem like another candidate, but the public is fickle, and one bad release, or if it seriously lags behind the new Internet Explorer 8 for long, could easily see its popularity quickly descend into virtual oblivion.

However, it seems likely community driven browsers, such as Mozilla and Firefox, will be the only types of browser capable of competing with the wealthy internet arm of Microsoft in the near future.

As for web browsing itself, will it change any time soon? Well it already has for some online communities. For example, if you want to buy clothes you could try entering an online 'world' creating an online virtual You to go from 'shop to shop' with, looking at products and trying/buying what you see. Some 'worlds' allow you to recreate yourself accurately including weight and height and then try on things apparel such as jeans to give you an idea of how you would look in that particular item.

Will 'worlds' like this destroy normal web browsers such as IE ? - It seems unlikely. Traditional web browsers provide such freedom and ease of access that it is hard to see any other alternative taking over. However they are part of the new, 'thinking out of the box' wave of alternatives that some people will find attractive, and really who knows what the future will bring.

QUESTION AND ANSWER (Q&A) TIPS

2008-04-30T08:30:00.000-07:00

In our social live we always need “Communication” with the other and this is disposition from human, it is natural.

We must keep thinking about on the above condition until we cannot say anything, mean is in our live process we will be meet with “Talk” and in the talk we have ask and answer the question, what ever the condition at that time, happiness or angry condition or may be in tight condition, once more again the communication is natural.

If we understand that communication is natural we will get more ideas and get an opportunity as follows:

A. We do not be trap in confusing or stress condition when we must to answer from people who ask you about something point although at that time you have tight condition for example: presentation.

B. We will prepare all about your answer and have a good imaging the question possibly happen.

C. We will think that the others is human being, they need to know about your thinking in clearly as yours, so with this act you will be more respect on the question including the answer. And in this attitude you will be not looking who is talking but you only hear what his/her talking about.

Here some tips on how we become in Question and Answer:

1. Do not rush to answer and for your thoughtful, it will be giving you 2 advantages as follows: first a chance to think and second, give the questioner opinion that their question was important, this is respect form for the audience on their question.

2. Make the audience focuses on you with make Repeat and Summarize the question. It is important for the audience may some not be heard and give you more time for your analyze about the question and the answer.

3. Recognize as many people as possible, but you must remember that you have time limits, with limitation too the questions in one time and your answer is to the point. If any other question from audience add more information. Don’t become ramble situation.

4. Do not inside to “Debate” trap. Remember that you to provide information not discussion or debate and give the audience your massage that you not interest on it. Cut their debate invite, for example you can say “Thank you for your view point and next question!”

5. Do not let the questioner give you the long question; remember point 3 on the above, because many audience need ask to you too. Because of that you must cut down monopolized action with your massage that you need a short question but to the point.

6. For your answer you must be honest, give the audience with the truth answer not your suppose answer only and if you do not know about the answer you must say “I don’t know” but you voice is calm, credible and not uncertain or unsure.

More better if you add the answer “I will get my answer to you as soon as possible as I have them and sent you a memo on that”, and also do not forget to ask the questioner Business Card or detail address.

7. Leave The Platform on high note.

You must keep calm and confident also keep smiling, if you understand about all on the above you will be thinking that not all questions are critical. The question be present because need your information or your comment.

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My Reflections

In the same time… I get some reflections…

Human always needed the freedoms without any limits

Many people need to be appreciate with highly honors

The ambition to dominate another people is the character of people which can not control their self

Permitted any wrong ways for their purpose is the sign of lazy people with the low intellectual

Treacherous to whom give the trust

Is the same Treacherous to them self

Make a promise but with expressly not keep the promise showing the sensibleness

Extra Income Opportunities From Home

Strategies To Help You And Your Child Survive Homework

THE BOROBUDUR TEMPLE

Is The Decision Making as a Management Barrier?

A Little Story About My Data Team & Me

A Little Story About My Data Team & Me

The Smart Card

Basic Managing For Small Organization (Part Two)

What The Exactly is Entrepreneurship?

What The Exactly

is ENTREPRENEURSHIP?

Personality Known Fron The Color

PERSONALITY KNOWN FROM THE COLOR

GREY

BLUE

GREEN

BROWN

BLACK

GREY

Physiological

Physiological

Physiological

Physiological

Physiological

Physiological

BROWN

Physiological

BLACK

Physiological

Am I Going Inside To Time Wasters

Computer Knowledge

QUESTION AND ANSWER (Q&A) TIPS